Separation strategies for Jordanian phosphate ore with siliceous and calcareous gangues were investigated by combined beneficiation and characterization techniques. To avoid ore resource waste and save the separation cost, it is noteworthy that different size fractions of Jordanian phosphate ore produced by sieving should be processed by different methods. The 74-300 mu m size fraction which has fewer gangues than coarser and finer size fractions is treated by scrubbing to increase P(2)O(5) grade up to 30%. The coarser size fraction (>300 mu m) requires secondary grinding. The finer size fraction (<74 mu m) with 23.85% P(2)O(5) grade is processed by flotation to remove quartz gangue. The acid conditions can improve the flotation performance remarkably. The dissolution of carbonates at low pH value facilitates the quartz flotation. At pH 4.8, the P(2)O(5) grade, P(2)O(5) recovery and quartz removal ratio are 30.82%, 82.00% and 62.20%, respectively. Calcination can be employed to separate calcite gangue; however, it should be applied after quartz flotation to avoid the formation of CaSiO(3) phase. To improve the flotation performance, the amount of <45 mu m particles should be reduced, and an alternative method is avoiding over-grinding. Crown Copyright (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.