One of the most important factors in corrosion prevention by protective coatings is the loss of adhesion of the coating under environmental influence. Thus, adhesion strength is often used when characterizing protective properties of organic coatings on a metal substrate. In this work, the adhesion of different epoxy primers (pigment-free, zinc-rich and chromate-based) was examined on steel. Both the dry and wet adhesion strengths of organic primers were measured directly by a pull-off standardized procedure, as well as indirectly by the NMP test. The corrosion stability of coated samples was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It was shown that under dry test conditions all the samples showed very good adhesion. However, different trends in adhesion for different primers during exposure to the corrosive agent (3% NaCl solution) were observed. The lowest adhesion values were obtained for chromate-based epoxy primer; however, the change in adhesion of this protective system during immersion in 3% NaCl solution for 25 days was the smallest of all investigated samples. Electrochemical impedance measurements in 3% NaCl solution confirmed good protective properties of pigmented epoxy primers on steel, i.e., greater values of pore resistance and charge-transfer resistance, and smaller values of coating capacitance and double-layer capacitance, were obtained for these protective systems.