Coal combustion by-products (CCBs) have beneficial properties that are currently underutilized. Prudent evaluation of CCBs prior to alternative use application is in the best interest of the party undertaking the project. Ignorance and misunderstanding can lead to environmental harm and may result in unnecessary obstacles and undue regulation. With this consideration in mind, an alkaline injection treatment (AIT) evaluation was undertaken in order to select the most appropriate CCB to treat acid mine drainage (AMD). The information generated from this study also provides insight to the suitability of the CCBs for such alternative uses as neutralization of acidic industrial wastes and soil liming applications in an agricultural setting. Although there is variability in CCB composition due to parent material and operating conditions, general patterns are apparent from this work. With respect to AIT, CCBs with high alkaline contents, nonsetting characteristics, and low exchangeable toxic constituents are the most effective and desirable.