The main problems and perspectives of petroleum refining for the manufacture of high-quality commercial products at Russian refineries are considered. Data on the balance and consumption of various types of fuel and on the export and import of the main refined products are presented. The necessity of changing the structure of Russian refineries with allowance for the construction of new facilities and the modernization of the basic operating systems of existing units for deep processing of heavy and sour oils, isomerization, and alkylation is shown.