Human error is not a cause of an accident-it's a symptom of underlying problems. Attempting to modify operator behavior to prevent human error will not rectify those underlying problems nor will it prevent major catastrophic accidents. This article will provide evidence to support why an organization's safety focus should not be solely on behavior-based safety. It will demonstrate how an equal emphasis and focus needs to be placed on the safety provide a more accurate assessment of a company's true safety state. By taking another look at the US Chemical Safety Board's completed investigation, this article will demonstrate how one must go beyond the actions and decisions of frontline operators to truly understand the causes of any given incident and to safeguard against major accident hazards. (C) 2008 America Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 28: 84-89, 2009