The coastal region affected by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, although a beautiful and sensitive maritime wilderness with bountiful fish and wildlife, was not a pristine environment in 1989. Prior to the spill, Prince William Sound and the northern Gulf of Alaska region had experienced extensive human impacts from the commercial fur trade, commercial sea-mammal hunting, commercial fishing, logging, mining and introduced exotic species including foxes, Sitka black-tailed deer and hatchery-reared pink salmon. The spill occurred in a scenic area that was (and is) paradoxically both the source of subsistence food for local residents and the scene of extensive natural resource exploitation. Contrary to media sound bites and news headlines, the Exxon Valdez oil spill did not destroy a pristine wilderness. The Russian and American fur traders, commercial whalers and commercial fishermen, miners, loggers, fox farmers and military construction crews had transformed the region long before March 24, 1989. The Exxon Valdez spill was an important chapter in the history of human impacts to the area's maritime ecosystem, but it was not, as many continue to claim, the mother of all environmental impacts in the region. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.