A new class of green solvents, known as ionic liquids (ILs), has recently been the subject of intensive research on the extractive desulfurization of fuel oils because of the limitation of the traditional hydrodesulfurization method in catalytically removing thiophenic sulfur compounds. In this work, four thiazolium-based ILs, that is, 3-butyl-4-methylthiazolium dicyanamide ([BMTH][DCA]), 3-butyl-4-methylthiazolium thiocyanate ([BMTH][SCN]), 3-butyl-4-methylthiazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMTH][PF6]), and 3-butyl-4-methylthiazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMTH][BF4]), are synthesized. The extractive capability of these ILs in removing thiophene (TS) and dibenzothiophene (DBT) from model fuel oils is investigated. [BMTH][DCA] and [BMTH][SCN] present better extractive desulfurization capability than [BMTH][BF4] and [BMTH][PF6], which may be ascribed to the additional pi-pi interaction between -C N (in [BMTH][DCA] and [BMTH][SCN]) and thiophenic ring (in TS and DBT); DBT in diesel fuel is more efficiently extracted than TS in gasoline. [BMTH][DCA] offers the best desulfurization results, where 64% and 45% sulfur removal are obtained for DBT and TS, respectively, at IL:oil mass ratio of 1: 1, 25 degrees C, 20 min. [BMTH][DCA] is thus selected to systematically investigate the effects of temperature, IL: oil mass ratio, initial sulfur content, multiple-extraction, and IL regeneration on desulfurization. The mutual solubility of [BMTH][DCA] with fuel oil is also determined. It is observed that the desulfurization capability is not too sensitive to temperature and initial sulfur content, which is desired in industrial application; the sulfur contents in gasoline and diesel fuel are reduced from 558 ppm to 20 ppm (after 5 cycles) and from 547 ppm to 8 ppm (after 4 cycles), respectively. This work may show a new option for deep desulfurization of fuel oils.