Aims The aim of this study was to provide a method to rapidly enumerate Oenococcus oeni cells during malolactic fermentation (MLF). To keep MLF under control, it is important to monitor the growth of the bacteria O.oeni. However, the enumeration of O.oeni using the plate count technique requires a very long incubation time of about 10days or more, which is not adapted to monitoring MLF in real time. Methods and Results Flow cytometry (FCM), in combination with several fluorescent probes, is a rapid method for counting large numbers of bacterial cells. However, probes based on fluorescein [FDA, carboxyfluorescein diacetate (cFDA)] did not give good results for O.oeni. For the first time, we propose using the BacLight kit for enumeration of O.oeni, and we compare the results with three methods: plate count and FCM, in combination with either fluorescein probes or the BacLightkit. The last method provides a perfect correlation with the plate count method. Conclusions FCM coupled with the Baclight kit makes it possible to count O.oeni cells during MLF with a perfect correlation with the plate count method. Significance and Impact of the Study The result is obtained in 20min vs 10days with the reference method which will be very useful for wine microbiologists. Moreover, it should be emphasized that FDA/cFDA staining is not recommended because it can lead to an erroneous count during the latency period or at the end of growthdue to the variation of intracellular pH in the O.oeni cells during growth.