Chemical propulsion generates motion by directly converting locally stored chemical energy into mechanical energy. Here, we describe chemically driven autonomous motion generated by using imidazolium-based ionic liquids on a water surface. From measurements of the driving force of a locomotor loaded with an ionic liquid and observations of convection on the water surface originating from the ionic liquid container of the locomotor, the driving mechanism of the motion is found to be due to the Marangoni effect that arises from the anisotropic distribution of ionic liquids on the water surface. The maximum driving force and the force-generation duration are determined by the surface activity of the ionic liquid and the solubility of the ionic liquid in water, respectively. Because of the special properties of ionic liquids, a chemical locomotor driven by ionic liquids is promising for realizing autonomous micromachines and nanomachines that are safe and environmentally friendly.