Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1) is involved in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of the mononuclear lineage, in development of the female reproductive system and mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. It is also implicated in the biology of breast cancer and promotion of its metastasis to bones. Therefore, CSF-1 is required for many applications in cellular and molecular biology studies. Commercial products, usually expressed in prokaryotic systems, are costly, with the likelihood of endotoxin contamination and also lack posttranslational modifications. These considerations provide the rationale to express growth factors in eukaryotic systems. In this study, the biologically active and soluble fragment (residues 33-182) of human (CSF-1) was cloned from 1(562 cell line and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The The expression level of the active CSF-1 was about 100 mu g/ml of the P. pastoris culture medium. Protein analysis revealed that the expressed CSF-1 appears in three bands with apparent molecular weight of 30, 26 and 20 kDa constituting 44%, 25% and 13% of all proteins in the culture medium, respectively. The expressed protein was partially purified and concentrated (10x) by ultrafiltration, then filter sterilized. The product was confirmed to be biologically active by stimulation of its receptor (FMS) autophosphorylation in THP-1 cells and also growth promotion of factor dependent FDC-P1 cells expressing human wild-type FMS (FD-FMS-WT). Therefore, P. pastoris is a highly efficient and cost-effective expression system for production of endotoxin-free CSF-1 for research and potentially for therapeutic applications. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.