Epoxy microcapsules and polyaniline nanofibers are incorporated into epoxy/polyamide coatings to enhance the protective and self-healing performance of the coatings for mild carbon steel. Epoxy microcapsules are prepared through the well-known interfacial polymerization process. Sodium chloride (NaCl, 12 wt %) solution is used as the model corrosion media. Protective and self-healing performance of the coatings is characterized by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique, scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. The results demonstrate that the coatings containing epoxy microcapsules and polyaniline nanofibers have almost no deterioration in the 100-day testing period under the condition of being immersed in 12 wt % NaCl solutions at room temperature. The excellent protective performance and self-healing behavior are ascribed to the controlling release of epoxy which is encapsulated and the passive property of PANI nanofibers. The results might give some insights on the preparation of high performance protective coatings.