In this study, aligned poly(butylene carbonate) nanofibers were fabricated by electrospinning with a high-speed transfer roller as the receiving device. Cold plasma treatment technology was applied to improve its hydrophilicity and activity to expand its application in biological materials. The morphology of the fibers was investigated with scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to research the impact of the rotation speed on the crystallization and orientation degree of the crystals. The tensile properties of the materials were evaluated by a universal tester. The surface properties of the fibers pretreated by Helium (He) and those grafted with gelatin were evaluated with water contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the order degree of fibers, crystallinity, and orientation of the crystalline region, including the mechanical properties, all increased correspondingly with the rotation speed. After plasma pretreatment, the hydrophilicity was improved significantly, and the grafting reaction was realized successfully. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.