Understanding the growth rate of the continental crust through timeis a fundamental issue inEarth sciences(1-8). The isotopic signatures of noble gases in the silicate Earth (mantle, crust) and in the atmosphere afford exceptional insight into the evolution through time of these geochemical reservoirs(9). However, no data for the compositions of these reservoirs exists for the distant past, and temporal exchange rates between Earth's interior and its surface are severely under-constrained owing to a lack of samples preserving the original signature of the atmosphere at the time of their formation. Here, we report the analysis of argon in Archaean (3.5-billion-year-old) hydrothermal quartz. Noble gases are hosted in primary fluid inclusions containing a mixture of Archaean freshwater and hydrothermal fluid. Our analysis reveals Archaean atmospheric argon with a Ar-40/Ar-36 value of 143 +/- 24, lower than the present-day value of 298.6 (for which Ar-40 has been produced by the radioactive decay of the potassium isotope K-40, with a half-life of 1.25 billion years; Ar-36 is primordial in origin). This ratio is consistent with an early development of the felsic crust, which might have had an important role in climate variability during the first half of Earth's history.