Lower olefins are traditionally produced from cracking of naphtha and other crude oil fractions. The Fischer-Tropsch-to-Olefins process (FTO) enables the direct synthesis of lower olefins from synthesis gas (CO + H-2) derived from alternative feedstocks such as natural gas, coal or biomass. A catalyst suitable for this process must comply with different requirements: high selectivity for C-2-C-4 olefins, low methane selectivity, high catalytic activity and excellent mechanical and chemical stability under demanding reaction conditions (high temperatures and low H-2/CO ratios). These features have been reported for a catalyst consisting of iron-containing nanoparticles promoted with sodium and sulfur dispersed on a weakly interactive support. In this study, Na plus S promoted alpha-alumina supported catalysts with loadings of 1-20 wt% Fe have been prepared using different iron precursor salts to investigate their effects on catalytic performance. The catalysts prepared from iron nitrate or ammonium iron citrate both consisted of iron nanoparticles of 15-20 nm and displayed high selectivity to lower olefins (>50% C) in combination with low methane selectivity (<20% C) when tested under industrially relevant conditions (340 degrees C, 20 bar and H-2/CO = 1 v/v). The catalyst synthesized with ammonium iron citrate exhibited a higher catalytic activity and a much lower rate of carbon lay-down (factor 4-6) compared to the sample prepared with iron nitrate. Tentatively, the differences in catalytic performance are attributed to a more uniform distribution of the iron particles observed when ammonium iron citrate was used as precursor. These results suggest that the extent of aggregation of Won (carbide) nanoparticles affects their catalytic performance. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.