The glass-fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates were obtained by anodizing aluminum alloy under anodizing voltage of 10, 20, and 30 V in the 200 g/L H3PO4 electrolyte. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), short beam, and tensile tests were employed to determine the surface morphology, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and tensile strength of laminates, respectively. The results also show that the epoxy penetrates into the pores of the anodic films, and this is the mechanism of adhesion. The ILSS and tensile strength of the anodized specimens (under 20 V) respectively increased by approximately 50 and 15% comparing with those of the non-anodized specimens. This increase of mechanical properties results from the porous surface of aluminum providing greater mechanical interlocking to epoxy. The ILSS and tensile strengths of the anodized specimens increased with the increase of anodizing voltage from 10 to 20 V; however, it decreased when the voltage further increased to 30 V. It is considered that the microstructure evolution of the porous films has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of the laminates.