The Late Permian coals in the Heshan Coalfield of southern China are preserved within marine carbonate successions and characterized by super-high organic sulfur (5.13-10.82%). Minerals identified in the coals include quartz, kaolinite, illite, mixed layer illite/smectite, albite, pyrite, marcasite, calcite, and dolomite, along with trace amounts of smectite, fluorite, strontianite, REY-bearing carbonate minerals, jarosite, and water-bearing Fe-oxysulfate. The coals are very rich in trace elements including F (up to 3362 mu g/g), V (up to 270 mu g/g), Se (up to 24.4 mu g/g), Mo (up to 142 mu g/g), U (up to 111 mu g/g), and, to a lesser extent, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Cd, Cs, heavy rare earth elements, Hf, Ta, W, Hg, and Th. Previous studies attributed the high organic sulfur and elevated trace elements to the seawater influence or the formation of soil horizons before the accumulation of peat in the basin. However, mineralogical and geochemical data presented in this study have shown that the sediment-source region and multi-stage hydrothermal fluids are the dominant influences on the mineralogical composition and elevated trace elements in the coal, although seawater influence also contributed to the composition of the mineral matter. For example, a large proportion of the quartz and clay minerals, as well as almost all the albite, in both the coal benches and the parting mudstones were derived from detrital materials of terrigenous origin in the Yunkai Upland. High concentrations of lithophile trace elements were also derived from the sediment source region. Minerals including fluorite, calcite, dolomite, strontianite, and REV-bearing carbonate minerals were derived from multi-stage hydrothermal activities. High concentrations of V, Mo, and U that occur through the coal seam sections were probably derived from hydrothermal solutions during peat accumulation or at the early diagenetic stages. The hydrothermal fluids also corroded the syngenetically-formed minerals (quartz, albite, and pyrite) and caused re-distribution of lithophile elements from partings to the underlying coal benches, resulting in higher key element ratios (Yb/La, Nb/Ta, and Zr/Hf) and more abundant heavy rare earth elements in the coal benches than in the immediately overlying partings. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.