Bioresource Technology, Vol.118, 350-358, 2012
Catalytic etherification of glycerol to produce biofuels over novel spherical silica supported Hyflon (R) catalysts
Etherification of glycerol (GLY) with isobutylene (IB) to produce biofuels was investigated in liquid phase using spherical silica supported Hyflon (R) catalysts (SSHC). As reference catalyst, Amberlyst (R) 15 (A-15) acid ion-exchange resin was used. Experiments were carried out in batch mode at a reaction temperature ranging from 323 to 343 K. SSHC were found to be very effective systems in etherification of glycerol with IB, providing cumulative di- and tri-ethers yields higher than that obtained by using A-15 catalyst. Furthermore, such catalysts were stable and easily reusable; no leaching of active phase was observed. The formation of poly-substituted ethers, suitable additives for conventional fuels, was favored by operating at an isobutylene/glycerol molar ratio >3 and low reaction time (<6 h); however, the concentration of mono-ether reached values lower than 3 wt.% only when SSHC catalyst was used. Turnover frequency of glycerol (TOFGLY) highlighted that SSHC systems were much more active than A-15 catalyst: the accessibility and nature of active sites and the surface properties of catalysts were indicated as the main factors affecting the catalytic behavior. A lower acid site density of SSHC than that of A-15 catalyst was decisive in preventing the occurrence of oligomerization reaction which leads to the formation of di-isobutylene (DIB), precursors of gummy products. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.