Oak wood lignin, which was separated from the wood using dissolution in the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium acetate and subsequent precipitation, was successfully depolymerized in the acidic ionic liquid 1-H-3-methylimidazolium chloride under mild conditions (110-150 degrees C). Based on gel permeation chromatography results, an increase in temperature from 110 to 150 degrees C increased the rate of reaction, but did not significantly change the final size of the lignin fragments. Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were utilized to demonstrate that the depolymerization proceeded via a hydrolysis reaction that cleaved the alkyl-aryl ether linkages. Coupling of the lignin fragments was also shown to occur in the reaction mixture. These hydrolysis results are consistent with the literature on acid catalyzed depolymerization of lignin in conventional solvents and with recent model compound studies involving guaiacylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether and veratrylglycerol-beta-guaiacyl ether done in acidic ionic liquids. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.