Microbial fuel cells were designed and operated to treat landfill leachate while continuously producing power. Two different anodes were tested in batch cycles using landfill leachate as a substrate without inoculation: an activated carbon anode and biochar anode. In addition, a semi-continuous serpentine design was evaluated. No significant difference of the mean was found for the peak voltage, current density or power densities between the batch cell with activated carbon or biochar. Similar COD reduction occurred at both the batch (with biochar) and semi-continuous scale (28% +/- 8.8% and 21.7% +/- 12.2%, respectively). The batch MFC with activated carbon anode had significantly higher COD removal (74.7% +/- 5.5%). BOD was removed by the semi-continuous MFC, but ammonia was not removed in four of the five cycles. The results provide further information on the possibility of using MFCs in landfill leachate treatment systems. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.