The thermodynamic properties of calcium-magnesium alloys were determined by electromotive force (emf) measurements using a Ca(in Bi)vertical bar CaF2 vertical bar Ca(in Mg) cell over the temperature range 713-1048 K. The activity and partial molar Gibbs free energy of calcium in magnesium were calculated for nine Ca-Mg alloys, calcium mole fractions varying from x(ca) = 0.01 to 0.80. Thermodynamic properties of magnesium in calcium and the molar Gibbs free energy of mixing were estimated using the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. In the all-liquid region at 1010 K, the activity of calcium in magnesium was found to range between 8.8 x 10(-4) and 0.94 versus pure calcium. The molecular interaction volume model (MIVM) was used to model the activity coefficient of Ca and Mg in Ca-Mg liquid alloys. Based on this work, Ca-Mg alloys show promise as the negative electrode of a liquid metal battery in which calcium is the itinerant species: alloying with Mg results in both a decrease in operating temperature and suppression of Ca metal solubility in the molten salt electrolyte. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.