The effects of substrate concentration and temperature on fermentative hydrogen production from Eichhornia crassipes using pig slurry microflora were studied, and the optimal values for maximum biohydrogen production were determined in batch experiments. Hydrogen and methane yield (HY and MY) and production rate (HPR and MPR) were evaluated at various E. crassipes concentrations (10-80 g/L) and incubation temperatures (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 degrees C). Hydrogen and methane production were observed during the E. crassipes fermentation without any nutrients addition, and were dependent on E. crassipes concentrations. Maximum HPR (38.2 mmol H(2)/L/d) and MPR (29.0 mmol CH(4)/L/d) were obtained at E. crassipes concentration of 40 g/L and 80 g/L, respectively. Monod model and modified Andrew model were used to fit the hydrogen production rate data. Modified Andrew model could describe better the effects of substrate concentration on hydrogen production rate (greater R(2) value). Maximum HPR (221.3 mmol H(2)/L/d) and MPR (24.4 mmol CH(4)/L/d) were obtained at 45 and 55 degrees C, respectively. These values were ca. 1105 and 18 folds higher than the HPR (0.2 mmol H(2)/L/d) and MPR (7.3 mmol CH(4)/L/d) at 25 degrees C, probably due to increased hydrolysis of E. crassipes at higher temperatures. Ratkowsky model could best describe the progress of hydrogen and methane production potential and rate (R(2) > 0.9). The optimum E. crassipes concentration and incubation temperature were determined as 47.8 g/L and 62.5 degrees C, respectively for maximum hydrogen and methane production. Biohydrogen and biomethane yields from E. crassipes were 31.3 GJ/ha/y and 853.9 GJ/ha/y, respectively, with a total CO(2) emission reduction from 15.2 to 23.7 tons. Crown Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.