The commercialization of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) needs the development of functional materials for intermediate-to-low temperature (400-700 degrees C, ILT) operation. Recently, we have successfully developed new electrolyte materials for ILT-SOFCs, including Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC), BaCe0.8Sm0.2O2.9 (BCSO) and SDC-carbonate composites. Compared with the state-of-the-art yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), these materials exhibit much higher ionic conductivity at ILT range. Especially, SDC-carbonate composites show an ionic conductivity of 10(-2) to 1 Scm(-1) between 400 and 600 degrees C in fuel cell environment. Some new cathode materials were investigated for above electrolyte materials and showed promising performance. Alternative anode materials were developed to directly utilize alcohol fuels. A dry-pressing and co-firing process was employed to fabricate thin SDC and BCSO electrolyte membranes as well as thick SDC-carbonate composite electrolyte with acceptable density on anode substrate. Many efforts have also been made on fabrication of larger-size planar cells and exploitation of reliable sealing materials. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.