This study explored the application of radio frequency (RF) energy in conjunction with conventional hot air treatment to provide uniform heating for control of mold in pre-packaged bread loaf. A 6 kW, 27.12 MHz RE system was used to develop treatment protocols. The treatment parameters were selected based on minimum time-temperature conditions that were required for 4-log reduction of Penicillium citrinum spores while yielding acceptable bread quality. During combined RF and hot air treatments, the core and periphery of the bread loaf were heated together with almost the same heating rate. The maximum temperature difference within one bread slice was less than 5 degrees C. The moisture contents and water activities of RE treated samples first increased and then decreased compared to those of untreated samples, while firmness increased during the storage for both heat treated and untreated samples, yet the overall differences in sample qualities between RF treated bread samples and control were not significant. Because of better heating uniformity, much lower mean product temperature and shorter holding time were used for control of P. citrinum spores with combined RF and hot air treatment as compared to conventional heating alone. Heating bread to 58 degrees C or higher resulted in 4-log reduction of P. citrinum spores isolated from moldy bread. The storage life at room temperature (23 degrees C) was extended by 28 2 days for the treated white bread. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.