A mathematical model to predict the heating-up in open air wood chip piles has been developed This model includes the heat production from chemical, physical and microbial exothermal processes In the manuscript the laboratory experiments needed to develop and validate the model are described. In addition, temperature and gas concentrations were measured in two large-scale wood piles (Volumes bigger than 1000 m(3)). in order to provide the applicability of the model to large-scale scenarios. The predictions of the model and the large-scale experimental data showed good agreement concerning the maximum temperature reached inside ail open air wood pile Special attention has been devoted to the microbial processes. since they proved to be the most important cause of heat production in the early stages of storage. This work is intended to help in predicting and thus avoiding possible self-ignition scenarios for this type of wood storage. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved