A variety of anode configurations and fuel mixtures were evaluated in a direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) which was composed of a planar 8 mol% Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) electrolyte with a multilayer (La0.6Sr0.4) 0.98(Co0.2Fe0.8)103(-delta). (LSCF) cathode. A Gd-ceria (GDC) catalyst layer was deposited onto the anode side with various levels of porosity. The fuel composition consisted of solid carbon black mixed with various amounts and compositions of Li, Na, K, and Ba carbonate eutectics. The anode performance was characterized in terms of structure (porosity), catalysts, carbonate content, and carbon composition in the anodic mixture through voltage-current-power density and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, which directly assessed the change in charge transfer resistance in anode as function of alterations in the anode. The best performance was 85 mW cm(-2) at 800 degrees C with a cell combining dense-porous GDC anodic structure and 6 vol% Li-K carbonate mixture loading in the anodic chamber. The polarization of this anode configuration was 0.15 0 cm2 at 800 degrees C compared to 50.3 Omega cm(2) displayed by a bare YSZ electrolyte. Post-mortem characterization by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy showed no effect of carbonate corrosion in the YSZ electrolyte over the time frame of experiments. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.