The dependence of the oxidation rate of sulfur compounds on duration, oxidation temperature, and amount of the introducing oxidizer has been demonstrated with the straight-run diesel with a high initial sulfur content. The data for the oxidation rates of benzo- and dibenzothiophene homologues depending on the amount and the position of alkyl substituents in them during competing oxidation reactions of different diesel components have been obtained. The effective rate constants have been calculated for the oxidation reactions of the sulfur compounds during the oxidative desulfurization. The mechanism of the interaction of diesel sulfur compounds with the oxidant is proposed.