화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.6, No.4, 201-211, July, 2000
Export Citation
History and Status of the Emulsion Morphology Diagram for Two- and Three-Phase Emulsions
Duane H. Smith, and Kyung-Hee Lim1, †
  • Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
E-mail:
Emulsions are used in many important fields such as liquid-liquid extraction, wastewater treatment, emulsion polymerization, fine chemicals, foods, cosmetics, drugs, energy processing, liquid-membrane separations, microelectronics, electronic printing, magnetic recording material, advanced battery technology, novel separation technology, biotechnology, and hydrocarbon emission control processes. In applications of emulsions in these fields it is essential to understand how to determine and control emulsion morphologies because they affect significantly physico-chemical properties of emulsions. Emulsion morphology is described on the basis of equilibrium conjugate phases. Hence, a more complete understanding of emulsion morpholohgy requires a substantial knowledge of the phase behavior. In the emulsion morphology studies, emulsions have been formed by mixing various components (a surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, water, inorganic salt, etc) and therefore the phase diagrams have been of five or move dimensions and excessively complex. Hence, it is very difficult to establish fundamental relationships between phase behavior and emulsion morphologies for these systems. Experience has confirmed that it is valuable to use systems of two and three thermodynamic dimensions with inclusion of a fourth dimension (usually temperature). Hence, in this article mainly two- and three-phase emulsion morphologies and their relation to phase behavior are reviewed.
Keywords:emulsion;emulsion morphology;emulsion (morphology) inversion;emulsion morphology diagram
  1. Milton MJ, Surfactants in Emerging Technology, Surfactant Science Series 26, Marcel Dekker, New York (1987)
  2. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Manual on Colloid and Surface Science, Butterworths, London (1972)
  3. Ostwald W, Kolloid Z., 7, 64 (1910)
  4. Ostwald W, Kolloid Z., 6, 103 (1910)
  5. Bancroft WD, J. Phys. Chem., 17, 501 (1913)
  6. Shinoda K, Kunieda H, Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 1, 337-367, P. Becher, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (1983)
  7. Dickinson D, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 84, 284 (1981)
  8. Salager JL, Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology, vol. 1, 79-134, P. Becher, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York (1988)
  9. Lim KH, Smith DH, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 142, 278 (1991)
  10. Smith DH, Lim KH, Langmuir, 6, 1071 (1990)
  11. Smith DH, Covatch GL, Lim KH, Langmuir, 7, 1585 (1991)
  12. Smith DH, Nwosu SN, Johnson GK, Lim KH, Langmuir, 8, 1076 (1992)
  13. Poulin P, Bibette J, Phys. Rev. Lett., 79, 3290 (1997)
  14. Sasaki T, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 14, 63 (1939)
  15. Ross S, Kornbrekke RE, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 81, 58 (1981)
  16. Kahlweit M, Lessner E, Surfactants in Solution, K.L. Mittal and B. Lindman, eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 23 (1984)
  17. Lim KH, Reckly JS, Smith DH, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 161, 465 (1993)
  18. Smith DH, Lim KH, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 3746 (1990)
  19. Lim KH, Smith DH, J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 11, 529 (1990)
  20. Binks BP, Langmuir, 9, 25 (1993)
  21. Harusawa F, Saito T, Nakajima H, Fukushima S, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 74, 435 (1980)
  22. Harusawa F, Nakajima H, Tanaka M, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 33, 115 (1982)
  23. Smith DH, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth ed., Suppl., J. Wiley, Ed., New York, p. 299 (1998)
  24. Smith DH, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 108, 471 (1985)
  25. Friberg SE, Lapczynska I, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 56, 16 (1975)
  26. Kunieda H, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 56, 625 (1983)
  27. Smith DH, Covatch GL, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 171(1), 112 (1995)
  28. Ekwall P, Adv. in Liq. Crys., Brown, G.H., Ed., Academic Press, New York, 1, 1 (1975)
  29. Aveyard R, Binks BP, Lawless TA, Mead J, J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., 81, 2155 (1985)
  30. Hazlett RD, Schecter RS, Colloids Surf., 29, 53 (1988) 
  31. Binks BP, Chem. Ind., (London)(14), 537 (1993)
  32. Smith DH, Covatch GL, Lim KH, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1463 (1991)
  33. Smith DH, Microemulsion Systems, H.L. Rosano and M. Clausse, Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 83 (1987)
  34. Johnson GK, Dadyburjor DB, Smith DH, J. Phys. Chem., 98(46), 12097 (1994)
  35. Smith DH, Sampath R, Dadyburjor DB, J. Phys. Chem., 100(44), 17558 (1996)
  36. Smith DH, Johnson GK, Dadyburjor D, Langmuir, 9, 2089 (1993)
  37. Smith DH, Wang YH, J. Phys. Chem., 98(29), 7214 (1994)
  38. Smith DH, Johnson GK, Wang YH, Lim KH, Langmuir, 10(8), 2516 (1994)
  39. Johnson GK, Dadyburjor DB, Smith DH, Langmuir, 10(8), 2523 (1994)
  40. Pauly H, Schwan HP, Z. Naturforsch., 146, 125 (1959)
  41. Smith DH, Surfactant-Based Mobility Control: Progress in Miscible-Flood Enhanced Oil Recovery, D.H. Smith, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, ACS Symp., Ser. No. 383, p. 2 (1988)
  42. Smith DH, Covatch GL, J. Chem. Phys., 93, 6870 (1990)
  43. Chen LJ, Yan WJ, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 4830 (1993)
  44. Lim KH, manuscript in preparation (2000)