A novel model-based adaptive control strategy for step-feed sequence batch reactors (SBRs) was developed and compared with traditional fixed-parameters control strategy and statically optimal parameters control strategy under influent fluctuation period. The SBR was operated with automatic alteration of the operating parameters based on the numerical calculation results of fully coupled activated sludge model (FCASM). Since the influent fluctuated from one cycle to another, model-based adaptive control strategy was applied to optimize the operating parameters of the SBR accordingly. By using the model-based adaptive control strategy, the average removal efficiencies for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) achieved in fluctuation tests were over 84% and 98%, respectively. Compared to traditional fixed-parameters strategy, the TN removal efficiency was improved by 25.11%. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.