In this work, the purpose was to study the impact of variations in feed ore properties on the performance of a primary autogenous grinding circuit by ore characterisation and simulation. Samples were selected to represent various points in the production system; ore faces with different drillability, grinding circuit feed, mill charges and waste rock. The investigation was carried out at the LKAB Kiruna mine in northern Sweden. The result clearly shows that self-breakage occurs ahead of the mill since the ore hardness, or resistance to breakage, increase with the distance from the mining face. Ore from a location, which by the mine is characterised as "hard to drill", has the lowest resistance to breakage, and the surrounding rock is clearly harder than the magnetite ore. Validation of a simulation model for the primary autogenous grinding circuit reveals that the differences between simulated and experimental data are small. Therefore, the model is used to simulate the influence of variations in feed ore characteristics on the circuit performance. The simulations show that the net throughput from the circuit at a coarse-hard feed will be approximate to10% higher compared to a situation when the feed is fine-soft. Moreover, a fine and soft feed results in a coarser particle size distribution of the mill discharge, compared to a coarse and hard material. However, it is the amount of coarse material in the feed, which is the most influential factor. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.