Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerene are representative nanocarbons which have zero, one, or two dimensional structures, respectively. These nanocarbons can be used as building blocks for construction of higher dimensional or complex materials by nanoarchitectonics; a technology used to control nanoscale structures and spaces. By combination with other materials and/or devices, nanoarchitectures of nanocarbons can be formed into structures of different dimensions and properties for biological applications. In this review, biological applications, especially cell growth, sensing, and control using nanoarchitectures of nanocarbons are summarized. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.