Coal-fired power plant (CPP) site identification and selection plays a significant role in the safe operation of a project and the sustainable development of a region. This study proposes a GIS-modelling methodology for CPP site identification and selection. Specifically, potential feasible sites are identified using a Geographical Information System (GIS) technique based on a spatial analysis of many factors, such as roads, available electric networks, fuel supplies and land use. Alternative sites are then ranked and the most suitable site selected. In contrast to previous studies, this study is among the first to rank and select sites based on the resolution of the conflicts between the local authority and the CPP owner, a vital consideration in the CPP site selection process. Instead of establishing a multi-criteria framework, a modelling technique is used, in which a bi-level model is established to resolve the conflicts and address the practical constraints. Subsequently, interactive fuzzy programming and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Version II (NSGA-II) are applied to solve the complex model to select the most suitable site. Finally, a practical application in China demonstrates the applicability, effectiveness and robustness of the proposed methodology. By considering stakeholder interest and energy efficiency, this methodology provides a method for a better understanding of CPP site identification and selection to ensure sustainable development. This methodology could be used in many developing countries by making minor modifications to some parameters. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.