In this study we focus on herbaceous biomass, and particularly on the supply chains organised to deliver feedstock to biorefineries. We look at the supply chain as a whole and examine what organisational capabilities (competitive priorities) large-scale herbaceous biomass supply chains (LHBSC) should possess to achieve an appropriate level of sustainable competitive advantage. Supply chain of herbaceous biomass-based CHP is used as a model. In addition to these, we also present specific applicability issues to other herbaceous biomass supply chains. We identified three principal competitive priorities: cost efficiency, reliability of supply and sustainability. However, to be able to develop these competitive priorities, quality and flexibility, as well as information sharing, innovation and a strong proclivity to cooperate are also essential. In addition, we have pointed out the importance of competitive priorities in decision making by proposing appropriate indicators to measure them and by constructing a decision hierarchy relevant to biomass-to-energy supply chains. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.