Three-dimensional cathodes with large volumetric surface areas for CO2 reduction in aqueous solutions were fabricated by depositing Sn on graphite felt. CO2 was reduced electrochemically in aqueous solutions of 1M NaClO4 + 0.5 M NaOH saturated with CO2 to pH ca. 7.8 and circulated though the tinned graphite felt cathodes to enhance mass transport rates. Gaseous product bubbles, presumably of CO and H-2, generated within the three-dimensional cathodes decreased effective conductivities of the interstitial electrolyte solutions, increasing potential drops in the ionically conducting phase. This caused reaction rates to decay within the cathodes in the direction of current flow. Hence, the effect of increasing solution flow rate was not only to enhance transport rates, but also to decrease gas fractions within the cathode, increasing effective conductivities of the electrolyte solution and so changing the spatial distribution of potential and current density. An optimal superficial current density and charge yield of 971 A m(-2) and 0.58, respectively, were obtained at -1.62V (AgCl vertical bar Ag) and 99 ml min(-1) solution flow rate; current densities were increased by a factor of 27 compared with the behaviour of a 2D electrode. A one-dimensional mathematical model was developed that was able to predict with adequate accuracy the effects of electrode potential and electrolyte solution flow rates on cross-sectional current densities, charge yields, and potential drops within the three-dimensional cathodes in the direction of current flow. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.