In this study, we investigated the contribution of antiscalants to biofouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in brackish water desalination process. Both the physico-chemical effects of the antiscalants on the initial attachment of bacterial cells to RO membrane surfaces, as well as their nutritional contribution to biofilm growth were analyzed. A bacterial deposition experiment on ESPA-2 RD membrane was conducted using Pseudomonas fluorescens, and the two polyphosphonate- and polyacrylate-based antiscalants. Both the model bacterium and the ESPA-2 RD membranes were treated with feed brackish water with and without antiscalants. The nutritional contribution of these antiscalants to biofilm growth was investigated by growing biofilms in packed bed biofilm reactors in the presence and absence of the antiscalants. In the presence of both antiscalants, biofilm development was enhanced in comparison to the control. Eventually, the impact of the antiscalant-induced biofilm growth on the performance of RD membranes was investigated in a crossflow RD filtration unit under typical brackish water desalination conditions. Significant membrane biofouling was detected in the presence of the antiscalants compared to the case where no antiscalant was used, accompanied by higher flux decline and salt passage. RD membrane modules were also utilized in an industrial and pilot desalination plants to test the effect of the polyacrylate-based antiscalant. Similar behavior was observed on both scales of membrane operation, with polyacrylate inducing biofilm growth. We assert that the two types of antiscalant induce biofilm formation on RD membrane surfaces through two different mechanisms: while polyacrylates increase bacterial initial attachment by altering membrane physicochemical properties, mainly increasing membrane hydrophobicity, polyphosphonates increase biofilm growth under phosphorous limiting conditions by providing the cells with the phosphorous they lack. Thus, the selection of the type and dosage of antiscalant should take into account the associated contribution to membrane biofouling propensity. (C) 2015 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.