A fundamental study of microfiltration membrane fouling by emulsified oil was conducted using a combination of real-time visualization, force balance on a droplet, and permeate flux analysis. The model 0.1% v/v hexadecane-in-water emulsions contained sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1 mM, 0.4 mM, or 0.8 mM) to regulate interfacial tension. Direct Observation Through the Membrane tests with Anopore (d(pore) = 0.2 mu m) and track-etch (d(pore) =5 mu m) membranes revealed three characteristic stages of membrane fouling: (1) droplet attachment and clustering, (2) droplet deformation, and (3) droplet coalescence. In qualitative agreement with visualization results, the force balance predicted that droplets less than or similar to 36-40 mu m would remain pinned at d(pore) = 5 mu m pores while larger droplets would be swept off the surface by the crossflow drag. In a separate set of constant pressure crossflow filtration tests with track-etch membranes, the average oil rejection was >= 98% while the permeate flux decreased to a pseudo-steady-state similar to 10% of the initial value. The results indicate that membrane fouling by emulsified oil is controlled by droplet coalescence and crossflow shear: the transport of oil to the membrane surface by the permeate flow is balanced by the shear-induced removal of the droplets that coalesce to exceed a critical size. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.