Two methods which rely on direct microstructural measurements to assess the fibre distribution in alumina continuous fibre-reinforced Al-Cu alloy composites produced via an infiltration process, are outlined. The first is based on distance analysis, i.e. the distance distribution of nearest neighbours; and the second is based on fibre-cell structures. Specimens with two fibre volume fractions, 0.39 and 0.50, were employed in this study. It was found that the fibres in both kinds of specimen appear to have a rough thread-like distributions, and the local volume fraction of the fibres varies over a larger range in the specimen with lower fibre volume fraction than does that in the specimen with the larger one. Quantitative relationships between fibre distribution and the composite defects are deduced. Some data on the microsegregation of copper and the macrosegregation of eutectic phase are given in relation to the fibre distributions. The reasons for the uneven fibre distributions are also discussed.