Polyamorphous transitions in supercooled water, porous substances, solutions of polyols, and proteins are studied intensively. They accompany the self-organization of hydrocarbons and surfactants. In this study, the methods of polyamorphous transition identification are proposed, and their dependence on hydrocarbons and surfactant concentration and sizes is investigated. The place of polyamorphous transitions in the general theory of phase separation is determined, and their bistability, self-oscillations, hysteresis, fluctuations, cooperative effect, enthalpy, and entropy are described. Surface, volume, and diffusion instabilities of polyamorphous transitions are analyzed. Technologies based on the properties of polyamorphous transitions are proposed.