Restructuring the current fermentation and recovery practices employed for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates is essential for the commercialisation of environmentally benign and cost competitive biodegradable plastics. This study presents the potential of a wheat-based biorefinery for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Fed-batch bioconversions using Wautersia eutropha growing on wheat-derived media led to the production of 162.8 g/l PHB. A high PH13 to total dry weight (TDW) yield of 93% (w/w) was achieved due to microbial autolysis at the end of fermentation. Images of bacterial cells taken with a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) indicated the potential of bacterial autolysis as a mean to shorten downstream processing for PH13 purification. The consumption of amino acids and peptides derived from wheat gluten hydrolysis resulted in a high glucose to PH13 conversion yield of 0.47 g/g. The respective yield regarding the amount of wheat used for the production of enzymes and PHB was around 0.3 g PHB/g wheat, which corresponds to 82.8% of the maximum theoretical conversion yield. The productivity achieved was around 0.9 g/l h. Fermentations carried out on wheat-derived media and media formulated with various commercial sources of nutrients (glucose, yeast extract, soy-protein acid hydrolysate, casein hydrolysates, corn steep liquor and various inorganic chemicals) showed that the proposed wheat-based biorefinery strategy enhanced PH13 production. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.