The field of plasmonics has grown to impact a diverse set of scientific disciplines ranging from quantum optics and photovoltaics to metamaterials and medicine. Plasmonics research has traditionally focused on noble metals; however, any material with a sufficiently high carrier density can support surface plasmon modes. Recently, researchers have made great gains in the synthetic (both intrinsic and extrinsic) control over the morphology and doping of nanoscale oxides, pnictides, sulfides, and selenides. These synthetic advances have, collectively, blossomed into a new, emerging class of plasmonic metal chalcogenides that complement traditional metallic materials. Chalcogenide and oxide nanostructures expand plasmonic properties into new spectral domains and also provide a rich suite of chemical controls available to manipulate plasmons, such as particle doping, shape, and composition. New opportunities in plasmonic chalcogenide nanomaterials are highlighted in this article, showing how they may be used to fundamentally tune the interaction and localization of electromagnetic fields on semiconductor surfaces in a way that enables new horizons in basic research and energy-relevant applications.