Cellular prion protein (PrPC) is widely expressed in various cell types, including cells of the immune system. However, the specific roles of PrPC in the immune system have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a soluble form of recombinant PrPC protein on human natural killer (NK) cells. Recombinant soluble PrPC protein was generated by fusion of human PrPC with the Fc portion of human IgG(1) (PrPC-Fc). PrPC-Fc binds to the surface of human NK cells, particularly to CD56(dim) NK cells. PrPC-Fc induced the production of cytokines and chemokines and the degranulation of granzyme B from NK cells. In addition, PrPC-Fc facilitated the IL-15-induced proliferation of NK cells. PrPC-Fc induced phosphorylation of ERK-1/2 and JNK in NK cells, and inhibitors of the ERK or the JNK pathways abrogated PrPC-Fc-induced cytokine production in NK cells. In conclusion, the soluble form of recombinant PrPC-Fc protein activates human NK cells via the ERK and INK signaling pathways. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.