In this paper a novel model based on a geographic information system (GIS) is presented for the assessment of sustainable crop residue potentials. The approach is applied to analyse the amount and the spatial distribution (1 km x 1 km grid cells) of cereal straw, root crop and oil plant residues for five European regions, considering spatially differentiated environmental sustainability issues, i.e. organic carbon content in topsoil, soil erodibility, and protected areas. The maximum sustainable residue potential varies strongly between the regions and residue types. In the scenarios Basis and Restrict, it accounts for 45-59% and 24-48% of the theoretical potential respectively without considering competing uses. Among the crop residues, cereal straw shows the highest energy potential in all regions under investigation. In terms of wet mass it accounts for 3.7 Mio. t(wet)/a in North Rhine-Westphalia, 1.6 Mio. t(wet)/a in (I) over cap le-the-France, 1.2 Mio. t(wet)/a in Wallonia, 0.9 Mio. t(wet)/a in West Midlands, and 0.3 Mio. t(wet)/a in South Netherlands (scenario Basis). Our survey shows that spatially differentiated potential estimations and the inclusion of crop residues other than cereal straw are urgently needed to improve the present rough estimations for crop residues which can be used in a sustainable way. The rather high spatial resolution of our analyses particularly allows for the support of regional stakeholders and prospective investors when it comes to questions of regional availability of biomass resources, transport distances to biomass conversion plants, and identification of suitable plant sites and sizes, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.