Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) such as Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) and Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) are capable of producing energy from renewable organic materials. Over the last decade, extensive experimental work has been dedicated to exploring BES applications for combined energy production and wastewater treatment. These efforts have led to significant advancement in areas of BES design, electrode materials selection, as well as a deeper understanding of the associated microbiology, which helped to bring BES-based technologies within commercial reach. Further progress towards BES commercialization necessitates the development of model-based optimization and process control approaches. This work reviews existing MFC and MEC dynamic models as well as the emerging approaches for optimization and control. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.