HTC (hydrothermal carbonization) is a technically-attractive thermal conversion process for biomass to produce solid carbonaceous products at mild conditions. EB (eucalyptus bark) was used as a feedstock for producing hydrochar by HTC. Effect of process conditions on the yield and physicochemical properties of hydrochar was examined by varying carbonization temperature over the range of 220-300 degrees C and varying residence time over the range of 2-10 h. With increase in temperature, the hydrochar yield decreased slightly from 46.4% at 220 degrees C to 40.0% at 300 degrees C. The O/C and H/C atomic ratios reduced from 1.69 and 0.80 to 0.83 and 0.23, respectively, which was mostly related to dehydration, decarboxylation and demethanation reactions. The oxygen containing functional groups decreased with increasing temperature. HHV (higher heating value) of hydrochar was in the range of 20.2-29.2 MJ/kg. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that hydrochar products obtained at temperature over 220 degrees C exhibited almost the same thermal behaviors. In comparison, the influence of residence time on the yield, physicochemical properties and thermal behavior of hydrochar was marginal. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.