BACKGROUNDThe aim of this work was the investigation of background water matrix impact on the effectiveness of a hybrid process, combining ceramic membrane microfiltration with oxidation processes for the treatment of surface water. The implementation of ozone-based oxidation during membrane filtration is expected to improve the overall process effectiveness, to enhance the permeate quality and to mitigate membrane fouling. RESULTSThe novel hybrid reactor consisted of a submerged ceramic membrane, while the gas-containing ozone was introduced with the aid of ceramic gas spargers, producing fine bubbles. Total consumption of ozone during the experiments was achieved. Single ozonation experiments and ozonation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide were performed, as well as single microfiltration (MF). The novelty of this study is connected with the specific investigation of the carbonates and background ions influence on the effectiveness of various membrane hybrid treatment processes; the fouling process and mechanism during the application of membrane filtration was also examined. The connection between permeate quality and the extent of membrane fouling was also discussed. CONCLUSIONSIn the absence of carbonates in the treated water the hybrid processes resulted in a TOC removal up to 75%, while membrane fouling was substantially reduced. (c) 2015 Society of Chemical Industry