Combustion characteristics of Pinus rigida specimens treated with mixed phosphorus-nitrogen additives

Eui Jin; Yeong-Jin Chung

Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.36, 74-79, April, 2016

DOI10.1016/j.jiec.2016.01.019 Export Citation

Combustion characteristics of Pinus rigida specimens treated with mixed phosphorus-nitrogen additives

Eui Jin, and Yeong-Jin Chung^{1, †}

Fire & Disaster Prevention Research Center, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 25913, Republic of Korea
¹Department of Fire Protection Engineering, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24549, Republic of Korea

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The combustive properties of Pinus rigida specimens treated with the mixed phosphorus (P)-nitrogen (N) additives were tested. Each P. rigida specimen was painted three times with 15 wt% mixed P-N additive solutions at room temperature. After drying the specimen treated with chemicals, the combustive properties were examined using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The time to ignition (TTI) for the specimens treated with the mixed additives was in the range, 70-109 s. The specimens treated with the mixed P-N additives showed a lower peak heat release rate by 3.8-25.5% and lower total heat release by 6.1-22.1% than those of the samples treated with the pure P-N additives. The effective heat of combustion (EHC) for the sample treated with the mixed P- additives was 15.68-18.70 MJ/kg, which was lower than that of the pure P-N additive plate. Among mixed P-N additives, N,N′-piperazine bis(methylenephosphonic acid) (PIPEABP)/pyrophosphoric acid (PP)/4NH4+ (2:1) had the highest fire performance index (FPI) and lowest fire growth index (FGI). The fire risk of all the samples treated with the P-N additives except sample 2 is much smaller than that of untreated sample and it shows improved fire safety.

Keywords:Mixed phosphorus (P)-nitrogen (N) additive;Combustive properties;Fire performance index (FPI);Fire growth index (FGI)

[References]

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Middleton JC, Dragoner SM, Winters FT, For. Prod. J., 15, 463 (1965)
Goldstein IS, Dreher WA, For. Prod. J., 11, 235 (1961)
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Stevens R, Daan SE, Bezemer R, Kranenbarg A, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91, 832 (2006)
Chung YJ, Kim Y, Kim S, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15(6), 888 (2009)
Hardy ML, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 64, 545 (1999)
Tanaka Y, Epoxy Resin Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988.
Zhang ZX, Zhang J, Lu BX, Xin ZX, Kang CK, Kim JK, Composites B: Eng., 43, 150 (2012)
Pedieu R, Koubaa A, Riedl B, Wang XM, Deng J, Eur. J. Wood Prod., 70, 191 (2011)
Winandy JE, Wang Q, White RH, Wood Fiber Sci., 40, 62 (2008)
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Babrauskas V, in: Grayson SJ, Smith DA (Eds.), New Technology to Reduce Fire Losses and Costs, Elsevier Applied Science Publisher, London, UK, 1986.
Hirschler MM, ACS Symp. Ser., 239, 797 (2001)
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Jiang J, Li J, Gao Q, Constr. Build. Mater., 75, 74 (2015)
Grexa O, Horvathova E, Besinova O, Lehocky P, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 64, 529 (1999)
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Chung YJ, Jin E, J. Korean Oil Chem. Soc., 30, 1 (2013)
Chung YJ, Fire Sci. Eng., 29, 13 (2015)
Simpso WT, Wood Handbook . Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A., Forest Service Madison, WI, USA, 1987 (Chapter 12).
Spearpoint MJ, NIST GCR 99-775, USA, 1999.
Pearce FM, Khanna YP, Raucher D, Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1981 (Chapter 8).
DeHaan JD, fifth ed., Kirks’s Fire Investigation, vol. 84, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 2002.
Babrauskas V, Fire Mater., 8, 81 (1984)
Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ, Heat Release in Fires, vol. 644, E & FN Spon (Chapman and Hall), London, UK, 1992.
Babrauskas V, Heat Release Rate, Section 3, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, fourth ed., National Fire Protection Association, MA, USA, 2008.
Spearpoint MJ, Quintiere JG, Combust. Flame, 123(3), 308 (2000)
Hagen M, Hereid J, Delichtsios MA, Zhang J, Bakirtzis D, Fire Saf. J., 44, 1053 (2009)
Quintire JG, Principles of Fire Behavior, Cengage Learning, Delmar, USA, 1998 (Chapter 5).
Santoni PA, Romagnoli E, Chiaramonti N, Barboni T, J. Fire Sci., 33, 290 (2015)
Wang B, Tang Q, Hong N, Song L, Wang L, Shi Y, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 3754 (2011)
Cardelli A, Ruggeri G, Calderisi M, Lednev O, Cardelli C, Tombari E, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 97, 2536 (2012)
Coudreuse A, Noireaux P, Noblat R, Basfar A, J. Fire Sci., 28, 497 (2010)
Fang S, Hu Y, Song L, Zhan J, He Q, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 1057 (2007)
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[Referenced By]

[1] Mcknight TS, Fore. Prod. Res. Branch, Dep. of Forestry, Canada, Report No. 190, 1962.

[2] Middleton JC, Dragoner SM, Winters FT, For. Prod. J., 15, 463 (1965)

[3] Goldstein IS, Dreher WA, For. Prod. J., 11, 235 (1961)

[4] Kozlowski R, Helwig M, Progress in Flame Retardancy and Flammability Testing, in: 1st Int Conf. Progess in Flame Retardancy and Flammability Testing, Institute of Natural Fibres, Poznan, Poland, 1995.

[5] Stevens R, Daan SE, Bezemer R, Kranenbarg A, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 91, 832 (2006)

[6] Chung YJ, Kim Y, Kim S, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 15(6), 888 (2009)

[7] Hardy ML, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 64, 545 (1999)

[8] Tanaka Y, Epoxy Resin Chemistry and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988.

[9] Zhang ZX, Zhang J, Lu BX, Xin ZX, Kang CK, Kim JK, Composites B: Eng., 43, 150 (2012)

[10] Pedieu R, Koubaa A, Riedl B, Wang XM, Deng J, Eur. J. Wood Prod., 70, 191 (2011)

[11] Winandy JE, Wang Q, White RH, Wood Fiber Sci., 40, 62 (2008)

[12] ISO 5660-1, Reaction-to-Fire Tests - Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate - Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method), Genever, 2002.

[13] Babrauskas V, in: Grayson SJ, Smith DA (Eds.), New Technology to Reduce Fire Losses and Costs, Elsevier Applied Science Publisher, London, UK, 1986.

[14] Hirschler MM, ACS Symp. Ser., 239, 797 (2001)

[15] Lee CH, Lee CW, Kim JW, Suh CK, Kim KM, Korean Patent 2011-0034978, 2011.

[16] Jiang J, Li J, Gao Q, Constr. Build. Mater., 75, 74 (2015)

[17] Grexa O, Horvathova E, Besinova O, Lehocky P, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 64, 529 (1999)

[18] Cischem Com, Flame Retardants, Chischem. Com. Co., Ltd., 2009.

[19] Shafizadeh F, DeGroot WF, in: Shafizadeh F, Sarkenen KV, Tillman DA (Eds.), Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins, Academic Press, New York, 1976.

[20] Chung YJ, Jin E, J. Korean Oil Chem. Soc., 30, 1 (2013)

[21] Chung YJ, Fire Sci. Eng., 29, 13 (2015)

[22] Simpso WT, Wood Handbook . Wood as an Engineering Material, Forest Product Laboratory U.S.D.A., Forest Service Madison, WI, USA, 1987 (Chapter 12).

[23] Spearpoint MJ, NIST GCR 99-775, USA, 1999.

[24] Pearce FM, Khanna YP, Raucher D, Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, New York, USA, 1981 (Chapter 8).

[25] DeHaan JD, fifth ed., Kirks’s Fire Investigation, vol. 84, Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 2002.

[26] Babrauskas V, Fire Mater., 8, 81 (1984)

[27] Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ, Heat Release in Fires, vol. 644, E & FN Spon (Chapman and Hall), London, UK, 1992.

[28] Babrauskas V, Heat Release Rate, Section 3, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, fourth ed., National Fire Protection Association, MA, USA, 2008.

[29] Spearpoint MJ, Quintiere JG, Combust. Flame, 123(3), 308 (2000)

[30] Hagen M, Hereid J, Delichtsios MA, Zhang J, Bakirtzis D, Fire Saf. J., 44, 1053 (2009)

[31] Quintire JG, Principles of Fire Behavior, Cengage Learning, Delmar, USA, 1998 (Chapter 5).

[32] Santoni PA, Romagnoli E, Chiaramonti N, Barboni T, J. Fire Sci., 33, 290 (2015)

[33] Wang B, Tang Q, Hong N, Song L, Wang L, Shi Y, et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 3754 (2011)

[34] Cardelli A, Ruggeri G, Calderisi M, Lednev O, Cardelli C, Tombari E, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 97, 2536 (2012)

[35] Coudreuse A, Noireaux P, Noblat R, Basfar A, J. Fire Sci., 28, 497 (2010)

[36] Fang S, Hu Y, Song L, Zhan J, He Q, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 1057 (2007)

[37] Jiao C, Chen X, Zhang J, J. Fire Sci., 27, 465 (2009)