Promising vaccine adjuvants of self-assembling peptide hydrogels for protein ovalbumin (OVA) are introduced in this study. The hydrogels are formed by the enzyme of phosphatase, and the vaccine adjuvant potency of both L- and D-peptide hydrogels is evaluated. The results indicate that, compared with the clinically used alum adjuvant, both L- and D-peptide hydrogels can increase the IgG production of OVA for about 1.3 and 3.8 times, respectively. Both gels can enhance antigen uptake and induce dendritic cell maturation, and promote and prolong accumulation of antigen in lymph node, as well as evoke germinal center formation. However, the D-peptide hydrogel with OVA exhibits a slightly more efficient accumulation of OVA in the lymph nodes and seems preventing tumor growth more significantly than its L-counterpart. With the good biocompatibility and degradability of peptide hydrogels, the hydrogels described in this study have big potential for the production of protein vaccines for immunotherapy against different diseases.