Nano-CeO2 was used to modify the carbon felt anode in microbial fuel cell (MFC). The MFC with the modified anode obtained the higher closed circuit voltage resulting from the lower anode potential, the higher maximum power density (2.94 W m(-2)), and the lower internal resistance (77.1 Omega). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results implied that the bioelectrochemical activity of exoelectrogens was promoted by nano-CeO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results revealed that the anodic charge transfer resistance of the MFC decreased with modified anode. This study demonstrates that the nano-CeO2 can be an effective anodic catalyst for enhancing the power generation of MFC.