Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.138, No.29, 9073-9076, 2016
Modular Artificial Cupredoxins
Cupredoxins are electron-transfer proteins that have active sites containing a mononuclear Cu center with an unusual trigonal monopyramidal structure (Type 1 Cu). A single Cu-S-cys bond is present within the trigonal plane that is responsible for its unique physical properties. We demonstrate that a cysteine-containing variant of streptavidin (Say) can serve as a protein host to model the structure and properties of Type 1 Cu sites. A series of artificial Cu proteins are described that rely on Say and a series of biotinylated synthetic Cu complexes. Optical and EPR measurements highlight the presence of a Cu-S-cys bond, and XRD analysis provides structural evidence. We further provide evidence that changes in the linker between the biotin and Cu complex within the synthetic constructs allows for small changes in the placement of Cu centers within Say that have dramatic effects on the structural and physical properties of the resulting artificial metalloproteins. These findings highlight the utility of the biotin-Say technology as an approach for simulating active sites of metalloproteins.