Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions of non-road diesel engine treated with non-thermal plasma technology

Jianbing Gao; Chaochen Ma; Shikai Xing; Liwei Sun; Jiangquan Liu

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.33, No.12, 3425-3433, December, 2016

DOI10.1007/s11814-016-0222-3 Export Citation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions of non-road diesel engine treated with non-thermal plasma technology

Jianbing Gao, Chaochen Ma^†, Shikai Xing¹, Liwei Sun, and Jiangquan Liu

School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
¹School of Vocational and Technical, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China

E-mail:

Non-road diesel engines are important polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sources in the environment due to their high emission concentration compared to on-road diesel engines. Particle- and gas-phase PAH concentrations of a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) as an effective after-treatment technology was used to reduce PAH emissions. The results showed that particle-phase PAH concentrations were 329.7 μg/m3, 3,206.7 μg/m3, and 1,185.7 μg/m3 without the action of NTP at three different engine loads respectively. Relatively low concentrations were measured for gas-phase PAHs. Excellent linearity was shown for particle-phase with total PAH concentrations both with, and without, NTP. The gas-phase PAH concentrations linearly increased with engine load without NTP. The five most abundant compounds of PAHs were among low molecular weight (LMW) and medium molecular weight (MMW) compounds. Total PAH cleaning efficiency was beyond 50% when treated with NTP at the three different engine loads. We hypothesized that naphthalene (Nap) concentrations increased greatly at 60% and 80% engine loads because it was produced within the plasma zone by decomposition of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The PAHs content of particulate matter (PM) aggregation at 60% load was approximately three times higher than at 40% and 80% loads. High correlation values were observed for MMW PAHs with total PAH concentrations. Correlations of PAH concentration reduction could be important to clarify the PAH reduction mechanism with NTP technology.

Keywords:Diesel Engine;Non-thermal Plasma;Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon;Phase Distribution

[References]

Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Oh CM, Lee DH, Lee JS, Cancer Res. Treatment, 46(2), 109 (2014)
White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, Steck SE, Mordukhovich I, Eng SM, Engel LS, Conway K, Hatch M, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD, Environ. Int., 89, 185 (2016)
Ge YS, He C, Han XK, Trans. CSICE, 25(2), 125 (2007)
Alkurdi F, Karabet F, Dimashki M, Atmospheric, 120, 68 (2013)
Kumar V, Kothiyal N, J. Environ. Res. Dev., 5(3), 584 (2011)
Tavares M, Pinto JP, Souza AL, Scarminio IS, Solci MC, Atmos. Environ., 38(30), 5039 (2004)
Lim MC, Ayoko GA, Morawska L, Ristovski ZD, Jayaratne ER, Atmos. Environ., 39(40), 7836 (2005)
He C, Ge YS, Tan JW, You KW, Han XK, Wang JF, Fuel, 89(8), 2040 (2010)
Chien SM, Huang YJ, Chuang SC, Yang HH, Aerosol Air Quality Res., 9(1), 18 (2009)
Karavalakis G, Stournas S, Bakeas E, Atmos. Environ., 43(10), 1745 (2009)
Karavalakis G, Deves G, Fontaras G, Stournas S, Samaras Z, Bakeas E, Fuel, 89(12), 3876 (2010)
Karavalakis G, Bakeas E, Stournas S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(13), 5306 (2010)
Mok YS, Huh YJ, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 25(6), 625 (2005)
Rajanikanth B, Sinha D, Emmanuel P, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 10(3), 307 (2008)
Vinh T, Watanabe S, Furuhata T, Arai M, J. Energy Institute, 85(3), 163 (2012)
Chmielewski AG, Sun YX, Licki J, Bułka S, Kubica K, Zimek Z, RaPC, 67(3), 555 (2003)
The first construction machinery network, http://news.d1cm.com/2011/01/07/01071701229329.shtml.
Xu F, Luo ZY, Wang P, Hou QH, Cao W, Fang MX, Cen KF, Proceedings-Chinese Soc. Electrical Eng., 27(32), 34 (2007)
Dong M, Cai YX, Li XH, Jiang F, Han WH, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publ, 1023.
Cai YX, Dong M, Li XH, Jiang F, Han WH, J. of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Ed.), 35(4), 380 (2014)
Du CM, Yan JH, Li XD, Cheron BG, You XF, Chi Y, Ni MJ, Cen KF, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 26(5), 517 (2006)
Yu L, Tu X, Li XD, Wang Y, Chi Y, Yan JH, J. Hazard. Mater., 180(1), 449 (2010)
Portet-Koltalo F, Machour N, Analytical methodologies for the control of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds from diesel engine exhaust. Diesel Engine Combustion, Emissions and Condition Monitoring Intech, ISBN. 978 (2013).
Lu T, Huang Z, Cheung CS, Ma J, Sci. Total Environ., 438, 33 (2012)
Abrantes RD, Assuncao JVDE, Pesquero CR, Atmos. Environ., 38(11), 1631 (2004)
Spezzano P, Picini P, Cataldi D, Atmos. Environ., 43(3), 539 (2009)
Spezzano P, Cataldi PD, Messale F, Manni C, Atmos. Environ., 42(18), 4332 (2008)
Junhua G, Maodong F, Zhongrong Z, Trans. CSICE, 5, 423 (2009)
Lou DM, Gao F, Yao D, Tan PQ, Hu ZY, Trans. CICEE, 35(4), 31 (2014)
Arnott WP, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(9), 2557 (2004)
Ma CC, Gao JB, Zhong L, Xing SK, Appl. Therm. Eng., 99, 1110 (2016)
Xing SK, Ma CC, Ma S, Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 1, 8 (2013)
Chae JO, J. Electrost., 57(3), 251 (2003)
Tonkyn RG, Barlow SE, Hoard JW, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 40(3), 207 (2003)
Song CL, Bin F, Tao ZM, Li FC, Huang QF, J. Hazard. Mater., 166(1), 523 (2009)
Merritt PM, Ulmet V, Mccormick RL, Mitchell WE, Baumgard KJ, Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions comparison for three tier II non-road diesel engines operating on ethanol-diesel blends: SAE Technical Paper; 2005. Report No.: 0148-7191.
Yamamoto T, Mimura T, Otsuka N, Ito Y, Ehara Y, Zukeran A, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 46(4), 1606 (2010)
Zukeran A, Ikeda Y, Ehara Y, Matsuyama M, Ito T, Takahashi T, Kawakami H, Takamatsu T, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 35(2), 346 (1999)
Lee JB, Hwang JH, Bae BN, JSME Int. J., Ser. B: Fluids Thermal Engineering, 43(4), 602 (2000)
Pham CT, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Environ. Pollut., 183, 175 (2013)

[1] Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Oh CM, Lee DH, Lee JS, Cancer Res. Treatment, 46(2), 109 (2014)

[2] White AJ, Bradshaw PT, Herring AH, Teitelbaum SL, Beyea J, Stellman SD, Steck SE, Mordukhovich I, Eng SM, Engel LS, Conway K, Hatch M, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Gammon MD, Environ. Int., 89, 185 (2016)

[3] Ge YS, He C, Han XK, Trans. CSICE, 25(2), 125 (2007)

[4] Alkurdi F, Karabet F, Dimashki M, Atmospheric, 120, 68 (2013)

[5] Kumar V, Kothiyal N, J. Environ. Res. Dev., 5(3), 584 (2011)

[6] Tavares M, Pinto JP, Souza AL, Scarminio IS, Solci MC, Atmos. Environ., 38(30), 5039 (2004)

[7] Lim MC, Ayoko GA, Morawska L, Ristovski ZD, Jayaratne ER, Atmos. Environ., 39(40), 7836 (2005)

[8] He C, Ge YS, Tan JW, You KW, Han XK, Wang JF, Fuel, 89(8), 2040 (2010)

[9] Chien SM, Huang YJ, Chuang SC, Yang HH, Aerosol Air Quality Res., 9(1), 18 (2009)

[10] Karavalakis G, Stournas S, Bakeas E, Atmos. Environ., 43(10), 1745 (2009)

[11] Karavalakis G, Deves G, Fontaras G, Stournas S, Samaras Z, Bakeas E, Fuel, 89(12), 3876 (2010)

[12] Karavalakis G, Bakeas E, Stournas S, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(13), 5306 (2010)

[13] Mok YS, Huh YJ, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 25(6), 625 (2005)

[14] Rajanikanth B, Sinha D, Emmanuel P, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol., 10(3), 307 (2008)

[15] Vinh T, Watanabe S, Furuhata T, Arai M, J. Energy Institute, 85(3), 163 (2012)

[16] Chmielewski AG, Sun YX, Licki J, Bułka S, Kubica K, Zimek Z, RaPC, 67(3), 555 (2003)

[17] The first construction machinery network, http://news.d1cm.com/2011/01/07/01071701229329.shtml.

[18] Xu F, Luo ZY, Wang P, Hou QH, Cao W, Fang MX, Cen KF, Proceedings-Chinese Soc. Electrical Eng., 27(32), 34 (2007)

[19] Dong M, Cai YX, Li XH, Jiang F, Han WH, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Trans Tech Publ, 1023.

[20] Cai YX, Dong M, Li XH, Jiang F, Han WH, J. of Jiangsu University (Natural Science Ed.), 35(4), 380 (2014)

[21] Du CM, Yan JH, Li XD, Cheron BG, You XF, Chi Y, Ni MJ, Cen KF, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 26(5), 517 (2006)

[22] Yu L, Tu X, Li XD, Wang Y, Chi Y, Yan JH, J. Hazard. Mater., 180(1), 449 (2010)

[23] Portet-Koltalo F, Machour N, Analytical methodologies for the control of particle-phase polycyclic aromatic compounds from diesel engine exhaust. Diesel Engine Combustion, Emissions and Condition Monitoring Intech, ISBN. 978 (2013).

[24] Lu T, Huang Z, Cheung CS, Ma J, Sci. Total Environ., 438, 33 (2012)

[25] Abrantes RD, Assuncao JVDE, Pesquero CR, Atmos. Environ., 38(11), 1631 (2004)

[26] Spezzano P, Picini P, Cataldi D, Atmos. Environ., 43(3), 539 (2009)

[27] Spezzano P, Cataldi PD, Messale F, Manni C, Atmos. Environ., 42(18), 4332 (2008)

[28] Junhua G, Maodong F, Zhongrong Z, Trans. CSICE, 5, 423 (2009)

[29] Lou DM, Gao F, Yao D, Tan PQ, Hu ZY, Trans. CICEE, 35(4), 31 (2014)

[30] Arnott WP, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(9), 2557 (2004)

[31] Ma CC, Gao JB, Zhong L, Xing SK, Appl. Therm. Eng., 99, 1110 (2016)

[32] Xing SK, Ma CC, Ma S, Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering, 1, 8 (2013)

[33] Chae JO, J. Electrost., 57(3), 251 (2003)

[34] Tonkyn RG, Barlow SE, Hoard JW, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., 40(3), 207 (2003)

[35] Song CL, Bin F, Tao ZM, Li FC, Huang QF, J. Hazard. Mater., 166(1), 523 (2009)

[36] Merritt PM, Ulmet V, Mccormick RL, Mitchell WE, Baumgard KJ, Regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions comparison for three tier II non-road diesel engines operating on ethanol-diesel blends: SAE Technical Paper; 2005. Report No.: 0148-7191.

[37] Yamamoto T, Mimura T, Otsuka N, Ito Y, Ehara Y, Zukeran A, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 46(4), 1606 (2010)

[38] Zukeran A, Ikeda Y, Ehara Y, Matsuyama M, Ito T, Takahashi T, Kawakami H, Takamatsu T, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 35(2), 346 (1999)

[39] Lee JB, Hwang JH, Bae BN, JSME Int. J., Ser. B: Fluids Thermal Engineering, 43(4), 602 (2000)

[40] Pham CT, Kameda T, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Environ. Pollut., 183, 175 (2013)