The hallmark feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) the causative agent of human tuberculosis, is its complex lipid rich cell wall comprised primarily of mycolic acids, long chain fatty acids that play a key role in structural stability and permeability of the cell wall. In addition, they are involved in inhibiting phagosome-lysosome fusion and aid in granuloma formation during the pathogenic process. M.tb DesA1 is an essential acyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase predicted to catalyze the introduction of position specific double bonds during the biosynthesis of mycolic acids. This protein is one among three annotated desaturases (DesA1-3) in the M.tb genome but is unique in containing a beta gamma-crystallin Greek key signature motif, a well-characterized fold known to mediate Ca2+ binding in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry and (CaCl2)-Ca-45 overlay, we demonstrate that Ca2+ binds to DesA1. Spectroscopic measurements suggested that this binding induces changes in protein conformation but does not lead to significant alterations in the secondary structure of the protein, a feature common to several beta gamma-crystallins. An M. smegmatis strain over-expressing M.tb desAl showed a Ca2+ dependent variation in surface phenotype, revealing a functional role for Ca2+in DesA1 activity. This study represents the first identification of a Ca2+ binding beta gamma-crystallin in M.tb, emphasizing the implicit role of Ca2+ in the pathogenesis of M.tb. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.